Poor eating habits

By secondary school, your teenage child enjoys more freedom outside their home than they've ever had before. Whether it's making their own way to and from school, participating in after-school activities, or simply choosing how and where to spend a free lunch hour, these new choices help your teenager towards independence.

However, this newfound freedom - coupled with the daily temptation of unhealthy foods in adverts and in shops - leads many adolescents to form unhealthy eating habits.

"Diet is extremely important in adolescence as this is a key period for rapid growth before adulthood is reached," says Dr Nirusa Kumaran, medical director and founder of Elemental Health Clinic.

"Adolescence is also an important time for hormonal development, bone development, brain development, and other organ development. It is vital that the body gets enough nutrition to allow these processes to happen seamlessly."

A healthy diet for children is the same as it is for adults - a balanced diet made up of a variety of foods that are rich in nutrients and vitamins. It should:

"Those who menstruate are encouraged to eat iron-rich foods to combat the loss of blood through menstruation (periods). These can include spinach, kale, lentils, broccoli, lean meats and more," adds Kumaran.

The risks of an unhealthy diet for kids

Healthy eating for children can help protect them from a number of health problems in later life.

Among many others, these include:

• Obésité.

• Diabète de type 2.

• Maladies cardiaques.

• Ostéoporose.

In the shorter term, unhealthy eating has been linked to mental health problems such as dépression, and poorer academic performance in schools (diets high in saturated and trans fats can negatively affect learning and memory).

Learning to think about food in a negative way can also lead to disordered eating and eating disorders. There are some key warning signs you can look out for in your child.

Children's calorie intake

As well as eating the right kind of foods, it's also important that your teenager eats the right amount. The children's calorie intake chart, below, should be used as a rough guide - the number of calories your child needs each day will depend on several factors, including how physically active they are.

The recommended children's calorie intake per day for your teenager:

Why is it important for children to eat breakfast?

You may not be able to watch what food your teenage child eats outside the home, but you can send them off to school with full tummies. A healthy breakfast will set them up with energy for the day ahead.

According to a 2019 review, young people who eat breakfast have a smaller chance of being overweight, are less at risk of related health conditions, perform better at school, and are generally happier.

School Food Matters is a UK charity leading the way in food education and campaigning for access to healthy eating for children in schools. Dela Foster, development manager, and Georgie Branch, programme manager, describe the many challenges faced by teenagers, both inside and outside of school.

Intrusive advertising

"Young people today are bombarded with junk food marketing from the moment they first look at their phones in the morning. Over seven in 10 YouTube channels for children advertise products high in fat, sugar, or salt.

"They pass fast-food takeaways and cheap snack promotions all the way to and from school. If you add to that a lack of healthy choices at school (or no active encouragement to choose them) it's clear that many young people are living in an environment that works strongly against developing healthy eating habits.

"There are new restrictions in place that stipulate that fast food takeaways should not open within 400 metres of schools in London. However, this only applies to new outlets, not existing ones," add Foster and Branch.

Poor food choices in school

At the same time, many UK schools are not providing adequate healthy options for children. "Parents should know that there are rules in place called the School Food Standards (since 2015) that make healthy food mandatory in schools. However, a recent publié showed that only 60% of secondary schools in England are meeting the required standards," say Foster and Branch.

Being a teenager

On top of these challenges, going through adolescence brings its own set of pressures. Hormonal changes influence behaviour, including mood and stress levels. "An adolescent is also likely to face various stressors, such as exams, advancing technology, and more," adds Kumaran.

Healthy eating for children should be normalised as a way of life, and teenagers should feel comfortable with the food they are eating in order to help reduce the risk of eating disorders in future," says Kumaran. "Parents are encouraged to be role models for their children where possible."

Encourage schools to provide healthier options

School Food Matters believes that parents have a right to request better food at school. "This means that healthy options need to be as attractive and affordable as other options, and ideally replace many of the unhealthy food choices.

"It's possible to see what your children are buying at school on ParentPay,so it is something you can monitor. School Food Matters provides helpful advice for requesting menu changes at school."

Students at Hollydale Primary School taking part in School Food Matters' Healthy Zones programme

Choose the right argument

Teaching children about healthy eating habits is no mean feat. School Food Matters have the following tips:

• Young people are generally not persuaded by arguments about health. They can often take their health for granted.

• Instead, focus on how food provides energy and strength to run around and feel good, both mentally and physically.

• There may be other ways to explain the importance of a healthy diet - 80% of young people agreed that the environment is important to them. If this is your child, suggest swapping a meat-based meal for a plant-based one. This can save up to 10 bathtubs of water, whilst also reducing the risk of heart disease.

Make the right food available at home

According to School Food Matters, positive reinforcement at home is important:

• Make healthy snacks (such as nuts, fruit, and seeded crackers) available.

• Offer two to three vegetable options in your evening meal.

• Buy reusable water bottles so your children can take these out of the house. Shop-bought fruit juices, smoothies, and fruit flavoured waters can be heavy on sugar.

Students at Rotherhithe Primary School promoting the School Food Matters water-only policy

Involve them in meal planning, shopping, and cooking

"Encourage cooking at home with freshly prepared ingredients," says Kumaran. "Using herbs and spices to stimulate taste buds, eating meals from various cultural backgrounds, and disguising vegetables in soups and sauces can often improve the satisfaction of eating healthily."

Fortunately, campaigners such as School Food Matters are tackling food education in schools around England.

School Food Matters hands-on school projects

Ceux-ci incluent :

• Taking children to farms to pick vegetables.

• Teaching them why bees are so important.

• Helping them grow vegetables and fruit in their school gardens.

• Teaching them to cook and/or prepare simple healthy meals.

• The older children get inspiring talks from chefs and a variety of people in the food industry.