Autism spectrum disorder

Description

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that appears very early in childhood development, varies in severity, and is characterised by impaired social skills, communication problems, and repetitive actions. These difficulties can interfere with affected individuals' ability to function in social, academic, and employment settings. People with ASD also have an increased risk of psychiatric problems such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

From as early as 1 to 2 years of age, people with ASD have an impaired ability to interact with other people; they are often more comfortable dealing with objects. Affected individuals have difficulty understanding and using non-verbal social cues such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and body language. Inability to recognise and use these cues makes it hard for affected individuals to understand the feelings of others or communicate their own feelings appropriately. Signs of ASD, such as reduced eye contact and social interaction, can sometimes be detected before age 2. However, the condition is usually diagnosed between ages 2 and 4, when more advanced communication and social skills, such as learning to play with others, typically begin to develop.

Repetitive actions in ASD can include simple actions such as rocking, hand-flapping, or repetition of words or noises (echolalia). Affected individuals often dwell on or repeatedly express particular thoughts; this trait is called perseveration. People with ASD tend to be rigid about their established routines and may strongly resist disruptions such as changes in schedule. They may also have difficulty tolerating sensory stimuli such as loud noises or bright lights.

While social and communication difficulties and unusual actions define ASD, affected individuals can have a wide range of intellectual abilities and language skills. A majority of people with ASD have mild to moderate intellectual disability, while others have average to above-average intelligence. Some have particular cognitive abilities that greatly surpass their overall level of functioning, often in areas such as music, mathematics, or memory.

Some people with ASD do not speak at all, while others use language fluently. However, fluent speakers with ASD often have problems associated with verbal communication. They might speak in a monotone voice, have unusual vocal mannerisms, or choose unusual topics of conversation.

Several diagnoses that used to be classified as separate conditions are now grouped together under the diagnosis of ASD. For example, autistic disorder was a term that was used when affected individuals had limited or absent verbal communication, often in combination with intellectual disability. By contrast, Asperger syndrome was a diagnosis formerly applied to affected individuals of average or above-average intelligence who were not delayed in their language development. The broader diagnosis of ASD was established because many affected individuals fall outside of the strict definitions of the narrower diagnoses, and their intellectual and communication abilities may change over time. However, some individuals who were previously diagnosed with one of the subtypes now do not meet all the criteria of the new umbrella diagnosis.

Inheritance patterns

The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Pattern unknown. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.

Related genes

• PTEN

• MECP2

• UBE3A

• ANK2

• CTNND2

• SHANK3

• KCNQ3

• RELN

• ARID1B

• SYNGAP1

• CHD2

• ADNP

• CHD8

• DYRK1A

• POGZ

• ASH1L

• GRIN2B

• SCN2A

• DSCAM

• EIF4E

• GABRB3

• KDM5A

• RPL10

• SYN1

• SYN2

• CACNA1H

• NRXN1

• TBR1

• KDM5B

• NLGN1

• SHANK2

• MYT1L

• CNTNAP2

• CNTN4

• NLGN3

• TMLHE

• KCNQ5

• ASXL3

• KATNAL2

• PTCHD1

Other names

ASD

Autistic continuum

Pervasive developmental disorder